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This article will introduce you to where Lisjan is; who “Lisjan Ohlone” are, what what “Viva Lisjanes” means.
Where is Lisjan?
Lisjan is the big valley that spans the area from Pleasanton, to the Altamont Range (Amador and Livermore Valleys) which were also rancherias Alisal, Bernal, Del Mocho, and more.
Lisjan homeland of Jose Guzman, who is a Muwekma Ohlone Ancestor and Captain of the Verona Band of Indians of Alameda County.
Lisjan is a Nisenan (Maidu) name for the area now known as Pleasanton, California.
Why does it seem like Ohlone people are only in the South Bay?
Because the Spanish Missions in the Bay Area were in San Francisco and the South Bay.
Mission San Jose is in Fremont
Mission Santa Clara is in San Jose
Mission Delores is in San Francisco
The present-day Muwekma Ohlone Tribe is comprised of all of the known surviving American Indian lineages aboriginal to the San Francisco Bay region who trace their ancestry through the Missions Dolores, Santa Clara, and San Jose; and who were also members of the historic Federally Recognized Verona Band of Alameda County.
Secularization and Mission Abandonment
When the Missions were abandoned, secularized (in 1833), or destroyed, indigenous people continued to live on Mission Land, in what was most definitely their tribal homeland.
They were simply continuing to live and survive on their land, through the rise and fall of the California Mission System—which only lasted 64 year, yet had a profound and cataclysmic effect on all Indigenous people within their spheres of influence.
Many indigenous people stayed in this area, and blended in with Spanish, and Mexican work forces to avoid the American treatment of Indigenous People–which was well-known by the mid-1850’s to be sadistic and unpredictable. It was in the interest of survival that people blended in, and kept a low profile.
Verona Band of Alameda County
The “Verona Band” was an administrative name used to refer to a group of indigenous people who lived around the area where a train station named “Verona” was built by William Hearst in 1901. This is the Niles Canyon/Sunol Region of the Bay Area. Relatively close to the Mission San Jose.
Yo Soy Lisjanes
In 1921, a linguist interviewed a member of the Verona Band known as Jose Guzman. Guzman was considered an “Indian captain” and shared much of his language and life stories with John P. Harrington—the linguist. (Jose Guzman was not the only person Harrington interviewed.)
So where/who is Lisjan?
One of the things Jose Guzman said was, “Yo soy Lisjanes.”
As in: I’m Lisjanes, I am from Lisjan.
He was saying he’s from the area North of Verona: valleys now known as Amador and Livermore–but which had been split into many different rancherias by Spanish and Mexican colonizers, including Alisal, Bernal, and Del Mocho, among others.
One of the reasons that Guzman may have referred to the area around present-day Pleasanton by its Nisenan name could be that Jose Guzman’s parents were both from Maidu Territory, farther north, in a region where people spoke Nisenan.
Indigenous people are polyglottal by nature.
What does Chochenyo Mean?
Jose Guzman was the last fluent Chochenyo Speaker. Chochenyo is an Ohlone Language spoken in the East Bay.
On December 6, 2022, at 5:00 PM, Alameda City Council will hold a special meeting to conduct a “Listening Session“, and discuss partnership opportunities with Local Indigenous People and Ohlone Tribes.
Three tribal organizations have been invited to attend: Ohlone Tribe, INC., headed by Andrew Galvan; the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area; and the Confederated Villages of the Lisjan Nation, INC.
This listening session will seek to address a number of topics, including the City of Alameda’s commitment of $22,000 to the Sogorea Te Land Trust; Ohlone Land Acknowledgment; Possible Cultural Conservation Easement; and the creation of an action plan to raise awareness of, and educate the citizens of Alameda about Native American history and culture.
The stakes are high for the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe; as they’ve already seen interlopers raise their flags in Albany and Berkeley; as well as gain land at Sequoia Point, in Oakland, in the form of a cultural easement granted by Oakland City Council–without any regard to the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, which has over 600 enrolled members, and documented history going back at least 7,000 years.
Not only is a similar monetary commitment to the Muwekma Ohlone Preservation Foundation on the table…. This could be the last chance Muwekma has to be included in the planning of cultural easements and official recognition by the City of Alameda for decades to come.
Anthropology, Archaeology, and Ethnology have always been competitive fields. In the East Bay, Native American Graves Consulting is a booming, and exclusive business.
And, the documented existence of the Ohlone people, who have occupied the East Bay continuously, for thousands of years, hinges upon the information locked away behind paygates; only being referenced by Developers, and City Attorneys.
The exclusivity of this information has been exploited for money. And used to bolster false claims of sovereignty.
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But, let me be clear:
The only reason you have this information is because you robbed our ancestors’ graves.
On a very basic level–without being reductive–these academic papers; all of the information; tangible and non-tangible things that have been developed, derived, or created from the desecration of our ancestors….
All of that still belongs to us.
” A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1810″
For the first time ever, an entirely independent research project, led by a Native American descendant, has produced a tangible representation of pre-contact Native American Spirituality and Engineering.
Shellmounds, up until now, have largely only been talked about as a theoretical object, which “used to exist.” And shellmounds have been used as a tool to gain funding, and political influence.
As a descendant of California Native Americans, adopted out of my tribe at birth, raised by white people, and growing up in a place like Alameda–which is a “good ole boy” town, and known for it’s white racist, residents, and it’s over-policing of people of color….
As all of that…
I needed more than these pretty words and vagaries.
More than a rock in the middle of Lincoln Park, in Alameda, Commemorating the Ohlone Shellmound the City of Alameda dug up and used to pave Bay Farm Road.
When public figures speak about shellmounds, they are referred to in terms of what shellmounds symbolize.
We’re given a rosy, idealized, wash of what life was like in the San Francisco Bay Area before the Spaniards and “White People” came.
It’s very light on details, but gives us just enough to sort of “dream” of what life was like.
This is all well and good if you’re not that interested.
If all you wanted was a simple answer to the question of,
“What happened to those shellmounds in Emeryville and Alameda?“
“Where was the shellmound in West Berkeley?“
But some people want to know what it looked like, really. In the sense of being able to know where things were. Being able to see what kind of plants were growing at that time (some plants and animals have gone extinct in the intervening 300 or so years.)
Some people would like to see the same attention devoted to Native American History, Research, Preservation, Conservation, and Education that has been devoted to:
Bodie State Historic Park Bodie, California
Old Mining Towns
Victorian Houses
Military Forts and Installations
Warships
Mount Rushmore
Stone Mountain
Arlington National Cemetery
Foreign Archeology & Anthropology
We’re entering an era of what could be considered “Salvage Archiving“, or something of the sort.
Where an impetus should be placed on saving those withered, orphaned pages, plastered to the back of shelves, and in the dark grimy corners of filing cabinets. Getting those pages archived, digitally. Creating new renditions of old data and information, in modern formats. In high-fidelity.
Why? Because they’re primary sources.
The last scribbled field notes, and crumpled photographs that are almost lost to history; but which carry the little bits and pieces glossed over by researchers who were never looking for more than statistical data, or a PhD. Or who just hunted for the citation, without bothering to read and comprehend the rest.
These bits of real world meta- and scrape-data…
We need our histories, language, and secrets, to help us re-imagine what a De-Colonized Future really looks like. To help us repatriate the ancestors being returned to us from these museums and universities. And we need land back, so we can have a place to bury our ancestors, and let them rest in peace.
Native American History and Culture was taken away from the First Californians.
It was cataloged and scattered around the world, to different museums, universities, and private collections. Everything from our oral histories to our ancestors’ bodies are in pieces.
This is our inheritance. Our family property.
It should not have to take feats of academic, and legal, scholarship to gain access to our own language, history, and the physical bodies of our ancestors.
But not everybody knows they’re family…
There was a time in America where white-passing Hispanic people claimed to be White, and light-skinned Native Americans pretended to be Mexican.
This was because Native Americans who were caught in public, off the reservation, could be subject to arrest–where a white man could “buy an Indian” as a slave–forced on to a nearby reservation, or just killed on the spot.
Indian Census Roll
Mexicans and Spaniards were allowed agency, and relative freedom, when compared to the possibility of being criminalized and sold into slavery, or killed.
So that’s why many Native Americans declared Mexican ancestry, and took Spanish last names, or married into those families: to hide from the terror and racism Native Americans were subjected to by the American Government.
It wasn’t until recently that people started talking about their abuelitas,
“I think mentioning something that they were really some part American Indian, or Native American?”
These people, with surprise ancestry, or “hidden heritage” cannot be discounted. They have been completely oblivious to their own ties to this land, and these shellmounds.
But, an awakening is happening, the veil of [necessary?] secrecy is finally being lifted.
This begs to question the fairness of gate-keeping.
Tuibun Village Reproduction Coyote Hills Regional Park Fremont, California
Shouldn’t the living descendants of these ancestors be given the opportunity to visit, experience, and learn about all of these things?
Is it really the role of anyone to deny them their birth rite, or the ability to at least find some solace or peace within themselves; because here is a place where they can pilgrimage to learn about themselves?
How can we really expect to know what “rematriation” or “land back” looks like, if we don’t even know what Native Land looks like (outside of vast pictures of forests, and dingy shots of dust-swept reservations?)
How can we teach ourselves, and each other about what Native Land really is, without being able to visit it, or even talk about what they look like?
Examples like the diorama of the Tuibun (Ohlone) Village at Coyote Hills Regional Park, in Fremont, California, are invaluable to helping one imagine, envision or just “picture what it was like.”
There is more than one type of “estranged”, or, “dis-enfranchised” Native American….
Strange word, “dis-enfranchised”.
There are Native Americans who were adopted, who grew up outside of their communities.
People who never chose to be separated from their people, and Tribe. People who were never given the opportunity to be reunited. Sometimes forever.
As a descendant of California Native Americans, adopted out of my tribe at birth, raised by white people, and growing up in a place like Alameda–which is a “good ole boy” town, and known for it’s white racist, residents, and it’s over-policing of people of color….
As all of that…
I needed more than these pretty words and vagaries.
More than a rock in the middle of Lincoln Park, in Alameda, Commemorating the Ohlone Shellmound the City of Alameda dug up and used to pave Bay Farm Road.
The symbolism of shellmounds is tied to colonization, and landback, and rematriatrion, and gardens.
But this only uses shellmounds as a strawman, an existential fallacy. Because the argument is only ever over places where shellmounds have been destroyed.
But what about the other shellmounds?
Shellmounds still exist in the San Francisco Bay Area
Every article says the San Francisco Bay Area had at least 425 Shellmounds. But these rely on the recitation of the same, stale facts. The main narrative, and recurring implication, is that, all the shellmounds have been destroyed, and there’s nothing left but three locations in the San Francisco Bay Area:
Emery Bay outdoor mall, in Emeryvile, California;
Glen Cove, in Vallejo, California; and,
Spenger’s Parking Lot, in Berkeley, California….
Because the mission of the Alameda Native History Project was to discover what happened to the Alameda Shellmounds; and that, of course lead to researching other Shellmound locations, I learned: of these three locations, only the shellmound in Emeryville is the correct location.
Alameda Native History Project map showing true location and observed (approximate) dimensions of West Berkeley Shellmound.
Upon closer inspection both Glen Cove and West Berkley Shellmounds exist, or existed about 100 feet away from the locations Corrine Gould has alleged, on average. Which wouldn’t be such a big deal if there weren’t huge protests and millions of dollars spent in legal battles over protecting a thing that wasn’t even there. It’s not even a masked-man fallacy. But it’s close. (Especially in West Berkeley.)
This brought about frank questions like, How come Corrine Gould is only interested in Shellmounds that are already destroyed? How come her groups aren’t interested in protecting other shellmounds, like the four at San Rafael Rock Quarry? (She went out to Miwok Territory, despite the fact she’s Ohlone and occupied Glen Cove Park, without the permission or endorsement of the real tribes who’s territory Vallejo falls in.)
Is it just easier to advocate for seizing parking lots? An open space can fit hundreds of protestors, and garner much more attention, when it’s in the middle of a city. Places like outdoor malls, and the center of a shopping district are perfect for garnering public attention. Maybe that’s why more remote mounds in places like Contra Costa and Marin county haven’t been advocated for?
Regardless of the new questions the research has uncovered, the Alameda Native History Project has a self-proclaimed mission to educate the public about shellmounds, and provide detailed, actionable information for their preservation, and protection.
As such, this project will continue to produce and release educational and research materials; to bring attention to all San Francisco Bay Area Shellmounds, and advocate for their protection.
But it’s hard to do that when the leading voice is trying to limit, or stifle the discussion about Shellmounds, to the point of providing incorrect information about their locations.
So let’s start with this:
What is a shellmound?
A lot of people wanted to know, “What is a shellmound? What does a shellmound look like? How big were the shell mounds?”
And, while one could spend time curating schematics, maps, and historical images there are truths which reveal themselves.
Basic traits of a shellmound….
Shellmounds range anywhere from about 3 to 70 feet tall.
Shellmounds have a diameter of about 10 to 300 feet.
Shellmounds have a distinctive domed shape, usually with a pavillion, and a ramp or walk-way down one side.
Each shellmound accounts for hundreds to thousands of Native Americans. Around 2,000 people were buried in the Emeryville Shellmound.
Shellmounds are not trash heaps.
Shellmounds are burial grounds.
Shellmounds are sacred burial structures, built by the first occupants of the San Francisco Bay Area.
Over 425 shellmounds existed in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Only a few dozen shellmounds still remain, intact, and undisturbed.
ANHP Shellmound Model Featured in Augmented-Reality
Available Shellmound Models
This video has loud background noise.
There are two Shellmound Models available. They are version 2.5, and 2.6, respectfully.
Version 2.6 is in .REAL format, which is used with Adobe Aero, a mobile-based Augmented Reality platform.
Version 2.5 is in USDZ format. Universal Scene Description is used by Pixar (among other companies); and is now a native 3D Object Format for both iOS and Android 3D Object Viewer.
These shellmound models were created for educational, and research purposes. Commercial use of this model is strictly prohibited. When featuring this model, please include the following citation:
